Under the United Nations Convention against Corruption, participating countries commit themselves to penalize certain corruption-related actions. These are sometimes referred to as "mandatory offences". Other actions are merely to be considered for possible penalization, and are referred to as "non-mandatory offences". Examples include 'passive bribery of foreign public officials' (i.e. a public official's “solicitation or acceptance” of a bribe from a foreigner, art. 16) or 'trading in influence' (art. 18)